Puppet - Risorsa

Le risorse sono una delle unità fondamentali fondamentali di Puppet utilizzate per progettare e costruire una particolare infrastruttura o macchina. Sono utilizzati principalmente per modellare e mantenere le configurazioni di sistema. Puppet ha più tipi di risorse, che possono essere utilizzate per definire l'architettura del sistema o l'utente ha la leva per creare e definire una nuova risorsa.

Il blocco di codice Puppet nel file manifest o in qualsiasi altro file è chiamato dichiarazione di risorsa. Il blocco di codice è scritto in un linguaggio chiamato DML (Declarative Modeling Language). Di seguito è riportato un esempio di come appare.

user { 'vipin': 
   ensure => present, 
   uid    => '552', 
   shell  => '/bin/bash', 
   home   => '/home/vipin', 
}

In Puppet, la dichiarazione della risorsa per un particolare tipo di risorsa viene eseguita nel blocco di codice. Nell'esempio seguente, l'utente è composto principalmente da quattro parametri predefiniti.

  • Resource Type - Nello snippet di codice sopra, è l'utente.

  • Resource Parameter - Nello snippet di codice sopra, è Vipin.

  • Attributes - Nello snippet di codice sopra riportato, è secure, uid, shell, home.

  • Values - Questi sono i valori che corrispondono a ciascuna proprietà.

Ogni tipo di risorsa ha il proprio modo di definire definizioni e parametri e l'utente ha il privilegio di scegliere il modo in cui desidera che appaia la sua risorsa.

Tipo di risorsa

Ci sono diversi tipi di risorse disponibili in Puppet che hanno il loro modo di funzionalità. Questi tipi di risorse possono essere visualizzati utilizzando il comando "Descrivi" insieme all'opzione "-list".

[[email protected] ~]# puppet describe --list 
These are the types known to puppet: 
augeas          - Apply a change or an array of changes to the  ... 
computer        - Computer object management using DirectorySer ... 
cron            - Installs and manages cron jobs 
exec            - Executes external commands 
file            - Manages files, including their content, owner ... 
filebucket      - A repository for storing and retrieving file  ... 
group           - Manage groups 
host            - Installs and manages host entries 
interface       - This represents a router or switch interface 
k5login         - Manage the ‘.k5login’ file for a user 
macauthorization - Manage the Mac OS X authorization database 
mailalias       - .. no documentation .. 
maillist        - Manage email lists 
mcx             - MCX object management using DirectoryService  ... 
mount           - Manages mounted filesystems, including puttin ... 
nagios_command  - The Nagios type command 
nagios_contact  - The Nagios type contact 
nagios_contactgroup - The Nagios type contactgroup 
nagios_host     - The Nagios type host 
nagios_hostdependency - The Nagios type hostdependency 
nagios_hostescalation - The Nagios type hostescalation 
nagios_hostextinfo - The Nagios type hostextinfo 
nagios_hostgroup - The Nagios type hostgroup 

nagios_service  - The Nagios type service 
nagios_servicedependency - The Nagios type servicedependency 
nagios_serviceescalation - The Nagios type serviceescalation 
nagios_serviceextinfo - The Nagios type serviceextinfo  
nagios_servicegroup - The Nagios type servicegroup 
nagios_timeperiod - The Nagios type timeperiod 
notify          - .. no documentation .. 
package         - Manage packages 
resources       - This is a metatype that can manage other reso ... 
router          - .. no documentation .. 
schedule        - Define schedules for Puppet 
scheduled_task  - Installs and manages Windows Scheduled Tasks 
selboolean      - Manages SELinux booleans on systems with SELi ... 
service         - Manage running services 
ssh_authorized_key - Manages SSH authorized keys 
sshkey          - Installs and manages ssh host keys 
stage           - A resource type for creating new run stages 
tidy            - Remove unwanted files based on specific crite ... 
user            - Manage users 
vlan            - .. no documentation .. 
whit            - Whits are internal artifacts of Puppet's curr ... 
yumrepo         - The client-side description of a yum reposito ... 
zfs             - Manage zfs 
zone            - Manages Solaris zones 
zpool           - Manage zpools

Titolo della risorsa

Nello snippet di codice sopra, abbiamo il titolo della risorsa come vipin che è univoco per ciascuna risorsa utilizzata nello stesso file del codice. Questo è un titolo univoco per questo tipo di risorsa utente. Non possiamo avere una risorsa con lo stesso nome perché causerà conflitti.

Il comando Risorsa può essere utilizzato per visualizzare l'elenco di tutte le risorse utilizzando il tipo utente.

[[email protected] ~]# puppet resource user 
user { 'abrt': 
   ensure           => 'present', 
   gid              => '173', 
   home             => '/etc/abrt', 
   password         => '!!', 
   password_max_age => '-1', 
   password_min_age => '-1', 
   shell            => '/sbin/nologin', 
   uid              => '173', 
} 

user { 'admin': 
   ensure           => 'present', 
   comment          => 'admin', 
   gid              => '444', 
   groups           => ['sys', 'admin'], 
   home             => '/var/admin', 
   password         => '*', 
   password_max_age => '99999', 
   password_min_age => '0', 
   shell            => '/sbin/nologin', 
   uid              => '55', 
} 

user { 'tomcat': 
   ensure           => 'present', 
   comment          => 'tomcat', 
   gid              => '100', 
   home             => '/var/www', 
   password         => '!!', 
   password_max_age => '-1', 
   password_min_age => '-1', 
   shell            => '/sbin/nologin', 
   uid              => '100', 
}

Elenco delle risorse di un particolare utente

[[email protected] ~]# puppet resource user tomcat 
user { 'apache': 
   ensure           => 'present', 
   comment          => 'tomcat', 
   gid              => '100', 
   home             => '/var/www', 
   password         => '!!', 
   password_max_age => '-1', 
   password_min_age => '-1', 
   shell            => '/sbin/nologin', 
   uid              => '100’, 
}

Attributi e valori

Il corpo principale di ogni risorsa è costituito da una raccolta di coppie attributo-valore. Qui è possibile specificare i valori per la proprietà di una data risorsa. Ogni tipo di risorsa ha il proprio set di attributi che possono essere configurati con le coppie chiave-valore.

Descrivi il sottocomando che può essere utilizzato per ottenere maggiori dettagli su un particolare attributo di risorse. Nell'esempio seguente, abbiamo i dettagli sulla risorsa utente insieme a tutti i suoi attributi configurabili.

[[email protected] ~]# puppet describe user 
user 
==== 
Manage users.  This type is mostly built to manage system users, 
so it is lacking some features useful for managing normal users. 

This resource type uses the prescribed native tools for creating groups 
and generally uses POSIX APIs for retrieving information about them.
It does not directly modify ‘/etc/passwd’ or anything. 

**Autorequires:** If Puppet is managing the user's primary group 
(as provided in the ‘gid’ attribute), 
the user resource will autorequire that group. 
If Puppet is managing any role accounts corresponding to the user's roles, 
the user resource will autorequire those role accounts.  

Parameters 
---------- 
- **allowdupe** 
   Whether to allow duplicate UIDs. Defaults to ‘false’. 
   Valid values are ‘true’, ‘false’, ‘yes’, ‘no’.  

- **attribute_membership** 
   Whether specified attribute value pairs should be treated as the 
   **complete list** (‘inclusive’) or the **minimum list** (‘minimum’) of 
   attribute/value pairs for the user. Defaults to ‘minimum’. 
   Valid values are ‘inclusive’, ‘minimum’.  

- **auths** 
   The auths the user has.  Multiple auths should be 
   specified as an array. 
   Requires features manages_solaris_rbac.  

- **comment** 
   A description of the user.  Generally the user's full name.  

- **ensure** 
   The basic state that the object should be in. 
   Valid values are ‘present’, ‘absent’, ‘role’.  

- **expiry**
   The expiry date for this user. Must be provided in 
   a zero-padded YYYY-MM-DD format --- e.g. 2010-02-19. 
   If you want to make sure the user account does never 
   expire, you can pass the special value ‘absent’. 
   Valid values are ‘absent’. Values can match ‘/^\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}$/’. 
   Requires features manages_expiry.  

- **forcelocal** 
   Forces the mangement of local accounts when accounts are also 
   being managed by some other NSS  

- **gid** 
   The user's primary group. Can be specified numerically or by name. 
   This attribute is not supported on Windows systems; use the ‘groups’ 
   attribute instead. (On Windows, designating a primary group is only 
   meaningful for domain accounts, which Puppet does not currently manage.)  

- **groups** 
   The groups to which the user belongs. The primary group should 
   not be listed, and groups should be identified by name rather than by 
   GID.  Multiple groups should be specified as an array.  

- **home** 
   The home directory of the user.  The directory must be created 
   separately and is not currently checked for existence.  

- **ia_load_module** 
   The name of the I&A module to use to manage this user. 
   Requires features manages_aix_lam.  

- **iterations** 
   This is the number of iterations of a chained computation of the 
   password hash (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBKDF2).  This parameter 
   is used in OS X. This field is required for managing passwords on OS X 
   >= 10.8. 
   Requires features manages_password_salt. 

- **key_membership**  

- **managehome** 
   Whether to manage the home directory when managing the user. 
   This will create the home directory when ‘ensure => present’, and 
   delete the home directory when ‘ensure => absent’. Defaults to ‘false’. 
   Valid values are ‘true’, ‘false’, ‘yes’, ‘no’.  

- **membership** 
   Whether specified groups should be considered the **complete list** 
   (‘inclusive’) or the **minimum list** (‘minimum’) of groups to which 
   the user belongs. Defaults to ‘minimum’. 
   Valid values are ‘inclusive’, ‘minimum’.  

- **name** 
   The user name. While naming limitations vary by operating system, 
   it is advisable to restrict names to the lowest common denominator, 
   which is a maximum of 8 characters beginning with a letter. 
   Note that Puppet considers user names to be case-sensitive, regardless 
   of the platform's own rules; be sure to always use the same case when 
   referring to a given user.  

- **password** 
   The user's password, in whatever encrypted format the local 
   system requires. 
   * Most modern Unix-like systems use salted SHA1 password hashes. You can use 
      Puppet's built-in ‘sha1’ function to generate a hash from a password. 
   * Mac OS X 10.5 and 10.6 also use salted SHA1 hashes.  

Windows API 
   for setting the password hash. 
   [stdlib]: https://github.com/puppetlabs/puppetlabs-stdlib/ 
   Be sure to enclose any value that includes a dollar sign ($) in single 
   quotes (') to avoid accidental variable interpolation. 
   Requires features manages_passwords.  

- **password_max_age** 
   The maximum number of days a password may be used before it must be changed. 
   Requires features manages_password_age.  

- **password_min_age** 
   The minimum number of days a password must be used before it may be changed. 
   Requires features manages_password_age.  

- **profile_membership** 
   Whether specified roles should be treated as the **complete list** 
   (‘inclusive’) or the **minimum list** (‘minimum’) of roles 
   of which the user is a member. Defaults to ‘minimum’. 
   Valid values are ‘inclusive’, ‘minimum’.  

- **profiles** 
   The profiles the user has.  Multiple profiles should be 
   specified as an array. 
   Requires features manages_solaris_rbac.  

- **project** 
   The name of the project associated with a user. 
   Requires features manages_solaris_rbac.  

- **uid** 
   The user ID; must be specified numerically. If no user ID is 
   specified when creating a new user, then one will be chosen 
   automatically. This will likely result in the same user having 
   different UIDs on different systems, which is not recommended. This is 
   especially noteworthy when managing the same user on both Darwin and 
   other platforms, since Puppet does UID generation on Darwin, but 
   the underlying tools do so on other platforms. 
   On Windows, this property is read-only and will return the user's 
   security identifier (SID).